1848 – California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill near Sacramento.
1908 – The first Boy Scout troop is organized in England by Robert Baden-Powell.
1916 – In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., the Supreme Court of the United States declares the federal income tax constitutional.
1918 – Oral Roberts, American evangelist, founded Oral Roberts University and Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association (d. 2009) is born.
1933 – The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, changing the beginning and end of terms for all elected federal offices.
1943 – World War II: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill conclude a conference in Casablanca.
1946 – The United Nations General Assembly passes its first resolution to establish the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.
1965 – Winston Churchill, English colonel and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874) dies.
1968 – Mary Lou Retton, American gymnast is born.
1971 – Bill W., American activist, co-founded of Alcoholics Anonymous (b. 1895) dies.
1984 – Apple Computer places the Macintosh personal computer on sale in the United States.
1986 – L. Ron Hubbard, American religious leader and author, founded the Church of Scientology (b. 1911) dies.
1993 – Thurgood Marshall, American lawyer and jurist, 32nd United States Solicitor General (b. 1908) dies.
2003 – The United States Department of Homeland Security officially begins operation.
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