1639 – Harvard College is named after clergyman John Harvard.
1862 – American Civil War: The U.S. federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.
1865 – American Civil War: The Confederate States of America agree to the use of African-American troops.
1897 – San Diego State University is founded.
1901 – Benjamin Harrison, American general and politician, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833) dies.
1906 – Susan B. Anthony, American activist (b. 1820) dies.
1930 – The news of the discovery of Pluto is telegraphed to the Harvard College Observatory.
1951 – Charo, Spanish-American singer, guitarist, and actress is born.
1962 – Lyman Lemnitzer, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, delivers a proposal, called Operation Northwoods, regarding performing terrorist attacks upon Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. The proposal is scrapped and President John F. Kennedy removes Lemnitzer from his position.
1969 – Apollo program: Apollo 9 returns safely to Earth after testing the Lunar Module.
1991 – The United States Department of Justice announces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.
1997 – The Phoenix Lights are seen over Phoenix, Arizona by hundreds of people, and by millions on television.
2003 – Human evolution: The journal Nature reports that 350,000-year-old footprints of an upright-walking human had been found in Italy.
2006 – Robert C. Baker, American chef and educator, invented the chicken nugget (b. 1921) dies.
2008 – Gold prices on the New York Mercantile Exchange hit $1,000 per ounce for the first time.
2013 – Pope Francis is elected, in the papal conclave, as the 266th Pope of the Catholic Church.
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